唐之韵 Rhyme of Tang Poem
唐代诗歌的大型二十集系列片(1) - (40) (自动连奏或自选)
第一集 千古唐诗 王之涣 王勃 陈子昂 王昌龄 高适 岑参 李白 杜甫 韩愈 白居易 李商隐 韦庄 王维
第二集 独振新风 初唐四杰 王骆宾 王勃 杨迥 卢照龄
第三集 吴中四士 賀知章 張旭 张若虚 包融
1,Zhang Xu (simplified Chinese: 张旭; traditional Chinese: 張旭; pinyin: Zhāng Xù, fl. 8th century), courtesy name: Bogao (伯高), was a Chinese calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty.
A native of Suzhou, he became an official during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. Zhang was known as one of the Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup. Legend has it that whenever he was drunk, he would use his hair as brush to perform his art, and upon his waking up, he would be amazed by the quality of those works but failed to produce them again in his sober state.
Though more well-known for his explosive cursive script, he excelled in the regular script. Anecdotes go that he grasped the essence of cursive writing by observing some porters fight for their way with the guard of honor of some princess, and by watching the solo performance of a famous sword-dancer.
He is often paired with the younger Huai Su as the two greatest cursive calligraphers of the Tang Dynasty. The duo is affectionately referred to as "the crazy Zhang and the drunk Su" (顛張醉素).
2,张若虚(约660-约720),扬州(今江苏省扬州市)人,曾任兖州兵曹. 唐中宗李显神龙年间与贺知章等人都以吴越名士,扬名京都.唐玄宗李隆基开元初年又与贺知章, 张旭,包融齐名,号称"吴中四士".《全唐诗》存其诗仅二首.一首《代答闺梦》,成就一般;一首《春江花月夜》却独具特色,历来为人们所称道.
3,包融:生卒年不详,润州延陵(今江苏省丹阳市)人.与于休烈,贺朝,万齐融为"文词之友"开元初,与贺知章,张旭,张若虚皆有名,号"吴中四士".张九龄引为怀州司马,迁集贤直学士,大理司直.子包何,包佶,世称二包,各有诗集.包融仅存诗八首,载《 全唐诗》里.
4,He Zhizhang (traditional Chinese: 賀知章; simplified Chinese: 贺知章; pinyin: Hè Zhīzhāng; Wade-Giles: He Chihchang, ca. 659--744), courtesy nameJizhen (季真), was a Chinese poet born in present-day Xiaoshan, Zhejiang during the Tang Dynasty, and one of the Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup. His well-known works include On Returning Home.
贺知章(659～744)，字季真，一字维摩，号石窗，晚年更号四明狂客，又称秘书外监。其排行第八，人称"贺八"。会稽永兴(今浙江萧山)人。证圣元年(695)进士，授国子四门博士，转太常少卿、集贤院学士。开元十三年(725)擢礼部侍郎，宫至秘书监。故人称"贺秘监"，又简称"贺监。天宝三年(744)辞官还乡为道上，建千秋观以 隐居其内，未几卒，享年86岁。
贺知章少时以诗文闻名，神龙年间(705—707)已名扬京城。开元初年与吴越人包融 、张旭、张若虚以诗文齐名，世称"吴中四士"，亦称"吴中四友"、"吴中四杰"。贺知 章邕容省闼，高逸豁达，为一代清鉴风流之士。尤喜好在饮酒中乘兴书写诗文，直到纸尽方止。曾与张旭、崔宗硅《海录碎事》亦将其与陈子昂、宋之问、孟浩然等人并称为"仙宗十友"。贺知章还与张旭情投意合，交往甚密，又为姻亲，故时人也常以"贺张"称之。两人也经常同游，"凡人家厅馆好墙壁及屏障，忽忘机兴发，落笔数
行，如虫篆飞走，虽古之张 (芝)、索(靖)不如也。好事者供其笺翰，共传宝之"。(施宿《嘉泰会稽志》)
贺知章以草书名世。《述书赋》中赞其草书"落笔精绝"，"与造化相争，非人工即到"吕总《续书评》则以为"纵笔如飞，奔而不竭。"李白在《送贺宾客归越》诗中将其喻为王羲之，有言"镜湖流水漾清波，狂客归舟逸兴多。山阴道士：如相见，应写《黄庭》换白鹅。 "卢象《送贺监归会稽应制》诗"青门抗行谢客儿，健笔违羁王献之。长安素娟书欲偏，工人爱惜常保持。"则喻其为王献之。当时人们还将其草书与秘书省的落星石、薛稷画的鹤、郎馀令绘的凤，合称为秘书省"四绝"。然而贺知章的书法存世极少，现可见的草书作品只有《孝经》，其用笔酣畅淋漓，点画激越，粗细相间，虚实相伴；结体左俯右仰，随势而就；章法犹如潺潺流水一贯直下，充分地体现了他那风流倜傥，狂放不羁的浪漫情怀。贺知章的草书，拉开了盛中唐草书浪漫风气的序幕。此外贺知章也擅楷书，有《龙瑞宫记》传世!
第四集 边塞诗人 上 王昌龄 王之涣 王翰 李颀
王昌龄（六九八－约七五七），字少伯，长安人。开元十五年（七二七）进士，官汜水尉、校书郎，后贬龙标尉，世称王龙标。安史之乱后，回到故乡，为刺史闾丘晓所杀。他与诗人王之涣、高适、岑参、王维、李白等都有交往。
王昌龄以擅长七绝而名重一时，有「诗家夫子王江宁」之称。他善于把错综复杂的事件或深挚婉曲的感情，加以提炼和集中，使绝句体制短小的特点变成优点：言少意多，更耐吟咏和思索。他的边塞诗充满了积极昂扬的精神，乡思和送别之诗，节奏明快，而抒情风格更以诚挚深厚见长。现存诗一百八十余首，明人辑有《王昌龄集》。
王之涣（六八八－七四二），字季凌，并州（今山西省太原市及附近地区）人。官文安郡文安县（今河北省文安县）尉。少时以豪放任侠著称，好使酒击剑。天宝中，与高适、王昌龄、崔国辅相唱和，又常与乐工制曲歌唱，诗名动一时。他描写西北风光的作品尤有特色。他的七绝《凉州词》与五绝《登鹳雀楼》都是唐诗和中国诗史上的绝唱。
王翰（生卒年不详），字子羽，并州晋阳（今山西省太原市）人，景云元年（七一零）中进士。青年时豪放不羁，能写歌词，自歌自舞。他在文坛受到后辈的尊重，杜甫将他和李邕并提，以「王翰愿卜邻」为荣幸。他的歌行写得风华流丽。绝句是他最擅长的，一首《凉州词》即把他推向了唐诗坛的高峰。《全唐诗》录存其诗一卷。
李颀（六九零？－七一五？），赵郡人。开元二十三年（七三五）中进士，他曾任新乡尉，因久未升迁，便辞官归隐于颖阳东川。和当时的诗人王维、綦毋潜、高适、王昌龄、崔颢等均有唱和之作。擅长七言歌行和七律，善于描写边塞风光，刻画人物形象，对于音乐声情的描绘，更具特色。白居易的《琵琶行》和李贺的《李凭弹箜篌》曾受李颀诗的影响。
全唐诗》中有其诗三卷，事见《唐诗纪事》卷二十，《唐才子传》卷二。
第五集 边塞诗人 下 高适 岑参 王昌龄
1， 高适（700—765） 唐代诗人。字达夫。沧州(今河北省景县)人,居住在宋中(今河南商丘一带)。 高适为唐代著名的边塞诗人，与岑参并称"高岑"。笔力雄健，气势奔放，洋溢着盛唐时期所特有的奋发进取、蓬勃向上的时代精神。少孤贫，爱交游，有游侠之风，并以建功立业自期。早年曾游历长安，后到过蓟门、卢龙一带，寻求进身之路，都没有成功。在此前后，曾在宋中居住，与李白、杜甫结交。 天宝八载(749)，经睢阳太守张九皋推荐,应举中第,授封丘尉。十一载,因不忍"鞭 挞黎庶"和不甘"拜迎官长"而辞官，又一次到长安。次年入陇右、河西节度使哥舒翰幕，为掌书记。 安史乱后，曾任淮南节度使、彭州刺史、蜀州刺史、剑南节度使等职，官至左散骑常侍,封渤海县侯。世称"高常侍"。《旧唐书·高□传》说："有唐已来，诗人之达者，唯□而已 。"
2，岑参(715—770)，荆州江陵（现湖北江陵）人。出身于官僚家庭，曾祖父、伯祖父、伯父都官至宰相。父亲也两任州刺史。但父亲早死，家道衰落。他自幼从兄受书，遍读经史。二十岁至长安，献书求仕。以后曾北游河朔。三十岁举进士，授兵曹参军。天宝八载，充安西四镇节度使高仙芝幕府书记，赴安西，十载回长安。十三载又作安西北庭节度使 封常清的判官，再度出塞。安史乱后，至德二载才回朝。前后两次在边塞共六年。他的诗说 ："万里奉王事，一身无所求。也知边塞苦，岂为妻子谋。"(《初过陇山途中呈宇文判官》)又说："侧身佐戎幕，敛任事边陲。自随定远侯，亦着短后衣。近来能走马，不弱幽并儿。"(《北庭西郊候封大夫受降回军献上》)可以看出他两次出塞都是颇有雄心壮志的。他回朝后，由杜甫等推荐任右补阙，以后转起居舍人等官职，大历元年官至嘉州刺史。以后罢官，客死成都旅舍。
3，Wang Changling (Chinese: 王昌龄; pinyin: Wáng Chānglíng, 698--765). A major Tang Dynasty poet. Originally from Taiyuan in the Shanxi province of China, according to the editors of the Three Hundred Tang Poems, however other sources claim that he was actually from Jiangning near modern-day Nanjing. After passing the prestigious jinshi examination he became a secretarial official, he later held other imperial positions, including that of an official of the Sishui county(汜水尉) in what is currently Henan province. Near the end of his life he was appointed as a minister of Jiangning county. Is best-known for his poems describing battles in the frontier regions of western China.
He was a doctor, and he was attached to the Empire's Files for a long time, before he had to go into exile. The biographical news do not give so much information about him, his name was among the names related to Ming Huangdi emperor, and he's supposed to be his contemporary.
王维（七零一－七六一），字摩诘，蒲州（今山西永济县）人。他是一个早熟的作家，九岁就负有才名，年十九，赴京城试，举解头（即第一名举子），二十一岁成进士。曾一度奉使出塞，此外大部分时间在朝任职。安史之乱，被执，拘禁于菩提寺中，他伪装病疾。安史乱平，以谄贼官而论罪，因曾作诗寄慨，因而只受到降官的处分。后官至尚书右丞。
王维在诗歌上的成就是多方面的，无论边塞、山水诗，无论律诗、绝句等都有流传人口的佳篇。王维又是一位著名的绘画大师。苏轼说他：「诗中有画，画中有诗」。王维确实在描写自然景物方面，有其独到的造诣。无论是名山大川的壮丽宏伟，或者是边疆关塞的壮阔荒寒，小桥流水的恬静，都能准确、精炼地塑造出完美无比的鲜活形象，着墨无多，意境高远，诗情与画意完全融合成为一个整体，著有《王右丞集》二十八卷。
Wang Wei (traditional Chinese: 王維; simplified Chinese: 王维; pinyin: Wáng Wéi, 701--761), sometimes titled the Poet Buddha, was a Tang Dynasty Chinese poet, musician, painter and statesman.
From a high family, he passed the civil service entrance examination in 721 and had a successful civil service career, rising to become Chancellor in 758. During the An Lushan Rebellion he avoided actively serving the insurgents during the capital's occupation by pretending to be deaf.
He spent ten years studying with Chán master Daoguang. After his wife's death in 730, he did not remarry and established a monastery on part of his estate.
He is best known for his quatrains depicting quiet scenes of water and mist, with few details and little human presence. The Indiana Companion comments that he affirms the world's beauty, while questioning its ultimate reality. It also draws a comparison between the deceptive simplicity of his works and the Chan path to enlightenment, which is built on careful preparation but is achieved without conscious effort.
None of his original paintings survive, but copies of works attributed to him are also landscapes with similar qualities. He influenced what became known as the Southern school of Chinese landscape art, which was characterised by strong brushstrokes contrasted with light ink washes.
Wang Wei's most famous poetry, such as the poem "Deer Park," form a group titled Wang River Collection. They record a poet's journey, ostensibly that of Wang Wei and his close friend, Pei Di. They are far more universal than a simple journey and have inspired generations of poets since, including recent adaptations such as Pain Not Bread's Introduction to the Introduction to Wang Wei (ISBN 1-894078-09-8), Barry Gifford's Replies to Wang Wei (ISBN 0-88739-441-8) and Gary Blankenship's A River Transformed (ISBN 1-4116-6227-X).
Eliot Weinberger and Octavio Paz's 19 Ways of Looking at Wang Wei (ISBN 0-918825-14-8) is an essay concerning more than 19 translations of Wang Wei's "Deer Park."
One of Wang Wei's poems, called Weicheng Qu or "Song of the City of Wei" has been adapted to the famous music melody, Yangguan Sandie or "Three Refrains on the Yang Pass". The most famous version of this melody is that of the guqin, which Wang Wei probably played.
孟浩然（六八九－七四零），湖北襄阳人。是唐代一位不甘隐居，却以隐居终老的诗人。壮年时曾往吴越漫游，后又赴长安谋求官职，但以「当路无人」，只好还归故园。开元二十八年（七四零）诗人王昌龄游襄阳，和他相聚甚欢，但此时孟浩然背上正生毒疮，据说就是因为「食鲜疾动」，终于病故，年五十二岁。
孟浩然的一生，徘徊于求官与归隐的矛盾之中，直到碰了钉子才了结了求官的愿望。他虽然隐居林下，但仍与当时达官显宦如张九龄等有往还，和诗人王维、李白、王昌龄也有酬唱。
孟浩然的诗已摆脱了初唐应制，咏物的狭窄境界，更多地抒写了个人的怀抱，给开元诗坛带来了新鲜气息，并得到时人的倾慕。李白称颂他「高山安可仰，徒此揖清芬」，杜甫礼赞他「清诗句句尽堪传」。可见他在当时即享有盛名。他死后不到十年，诗集便两经编定，并送上「秘府」保存。现有《孟浩然集》。
Meng Haoran (Chinese: 孟浩然; pinyin: Mèng Hàorán; Wade-Giles: Meng Hao-jan, 689 or 691 - 740) was a Chinese poet during the Tang Dynasty.
Unsuccessful in his official career, he mainly lived in and wrote about his birthplace.
The eldest of the major High Tang poets, he was born in Xiangyang, Hubei, and was strongly attached to the area. He lived there almost all his life, and its landscape, history and legends are the subjects of many of his poems. Particularly prominent are Nanshan (or South Mountain, his family seat) and Lumen Shan, where he briefly lived in retreat.
He had an unsuccessful civil service career, passing the Jinshi exam late, at the age of 39. He received his first and last position three years before his death, but resigned after less than a year.
He is often bracketed with Wang Wei, due to the friendship they shared and their prominence as landscape poets. In fact, Haoran composed several poems about Wei and their separation. While Wei focused on the natural world, in particular the solitude and reprieve it granted from human life along with the scale of the natural world, Meng Haoran focuses more on foreground details and human life.
His works are generally considered less consistently successful than Wang's.
第七集 一代诗仙 上 李白
【生平简介】
李白（七零一－七六二），字太白，号青莲居士。祖籍陇西成纪（今甘肃天水附近），先世于隋末流徙西域，李白即生于中亚碎叶。（今巴尔喀什湖南面的楚河流域，唐时属安西都户府管辖）。幼时随父迁居绵州昌隆（今四川江油）青莲乡。
他的一生，绝大部分在漫游中度过。天宝元年（七四二），因道士吴筠的推荐，被召至长安，供奉翰林。文章风采，名动一时，颇为玄宗所赏识。后因不能见容于权贵，在京仅三年，就弃官而去，仍然继续他那飘荡四方的流浪生活。安史之乱发生的第二年，他感愤时艰，曾参加了永王李璘的幕府。不幸，永王与肃宗发生了争夺帝位的斗争，兵败之后，李白受牵累，流放夜郎（今贵州境内），途中遇赦。晚年漂泊东南一带，依当涂县令李阳冰，不久即病卒。
李白的诗以抒情为主。屈原而后，他第一个真正能够广泛地从当时的民间文艺和秦、汉、魏以来的乐府民歌吸取其丰富营养，集中提高而形成他的独特风貌。他具有超异寻常的艺术天才和磅礴雄伟的艺术力量。一切可惊可喜、令人兴奋、发人深思的现象，无不尽归笔底。杜甫有「笔落惊风雨，诗成泣鬼神」（《寄李十二白二十韵》）之评，是屈原之后我国最为杰出的浪漫主义诗人，有「诗仙」之称。与杜甫齐名，世称「李杜」，韩愈云：「李杜文章在，光焰万丈长。」（《调张籍》）。有《李太白集》。 (
http://greenapple2002.51.net/)
安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜。
"Li Bai, Li Bo, or Li Po" (Chinese: 李白; pinyin: Lǐ Bái) (701-762) was a Chinese poet. He was part of the group of Chinese scholars called the "Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup" in a poem by fellow poet Du Fu. Li Bai is often regarded, along with Du Fu, as one of the two greatest poets in China's literary history.
Approximately 1,100 of his poems remain today. The first translations in a Western language were published in 1862 by in his Poésies de l'Époque des Thang.The English-speaking world was introduced to Li Bai's works by a Herbert Allen Giles publication History of Chinese Literature (1901) and through the liberal, but poetically influential, translations of Japanese versions of his poems made by Ezra Pound.
Li Bai is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. Like Du Fu, he spent much of his life travelling, although in his case it was because his wealth allowed him to, rather than because his poverty forced him. In legend, he is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace the reflection of the moon.
Li Bai is influential in the West partly due to Ezra Pound's versions of some of his poems in the collection Cathay,[2] such as The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter. Although not completely accurate as translations, the ideas underlying them had a profound impact in shaping American Imagist and Modernist poetry through the 20th Century. Also, Gustav Mahler integrated four of Li Bai's works in his symphonic song cycle Das Lied von der Erde. These were in a free German translation by Hans Bethge, published in an anthology called Die chinesische Flöte (The Chinese Flute), Bethge based his version on the pioneering translation into French by Saint-Denys. There is another striking musical setting of Li Po's verse by the American composer Harry Partch, whose Seventeen Lyrics by Li Po for intoning voice and Adapted Viola (an instrument of Partch's own invention) are based on the texts in The Works of Li Po, the Chinese Poet translated by Shigeyoshi Obata.
A crater on the planet Mercury has been named after him.
In both versions of Epcot's Circle-Vision 360° film in the China pavilion, Li Bai serves as the narrator and guide of the film.
Poetry
Over a thousand poems are attributed to him, but the authenticity of many of these is uncertain. He is best known for his yue fu poems, which are intense and often fantastic. He is often associated with Taoism: there is a strong element of this in his works, both in the sentiments they express and in their spontaneous tone. Nevertheless, his gufeng ("ancient airs") might adopt the perspective of the Confucian moralist.
Much like the genius of Mozart there exist many legends on how effortlessly Li Bai composed his poetry; he was said to be able to compose at an astounding speed, without correction. His favorite form is the jueju (five- or seven-character quatrain), of which he composed some 160 pieces. Li Bai's use of language impresses through his extravagance of imagination and a direct communication of his free-spirited persona with the reader. Li Bai's interactions with nature, friendship, his love of wine and his acute observations of life inform his best poems. Some, like Changgan xing (translated by Ezra Pound as The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter,[2] record the hardships or emotions of common people. He also wrote a number of very oblique, allusive poems on women.
In his poems, Li Bai tried to avoid the use of obscure vocabularies and historical references. Unlike other ancient Chinese poets such as Du Fu, Li Bai had no need to prove himself to the public; instead, he can afford to concentrate on communicating his genuine feelings to the readers. His ability to create extraordinary out of ordinary is an unusual gift among his contemporaries, and was most likely the reason why he was considered the "Poem-God". The spontaneity of his language combined with the extravagance of his imagination distinguished Li Bai from any other poets in the Chinese history. Li Bai's interactions with nature, friendship, his love of wine and his acute observations of life inform his best poems.
As one of the many followers of Lao Zi and a practitioner of Taoism in Tang Dynasty (Xuanzong included) and, above all, a free-spirited person, Li Bai paid no respect to Confucius and his ideology. Consequently, he is often attacked by the Neo-Confucian "moralists" from Song Dynasty until today. Among the common people in China, however, La Bai is unquestionably the most beloved figure in Chinese poetry.
One of Li Bai's most famous poems is Drinking Alone by Moonlight (月下獨酌, pinyin: Yuè Xià Dú Zhuó), which is a good example of some of the most famous aspects of his poetry -- a very spontaneous poem, full of natural imagery and anthropomorphism. Li Bai actually wrote several poems with the same title; Arthur Waley's version of the most famous reads:
花間一壺酒。A cup of wine, under the flowering trees;
獨酌無相親。I drink alone, for no friend is near.
舉杯邀明月。Raising my cup I beckon the bright moon,
對影成三人。For he, with my shadow, will make three men.
月既不解飲。The moon, alas, is no drinker of wine;
影徒隨我身。Listless, my shadow creeps about at my side.
暫伴月將影。Yet with the moon as friend and the shadow as slave
行樂須及春。I must make merry before the Spring is spent.
我歌月徘徊。To the songs I sing the moon flickers her beams;
我舞影零亂。In the dance I weave my shadow tangles and breaks.
醒時同交歡。While we were sober, three shared the fun;
醉後各分散。Now we are drunk, each goes his way.
永結無情遊。May we long share our odd, inanimate feast,
相期邈雲漢。And meet at last on the Cloudy River of the sky.
第八集 一代诗仙 下 李白
第九集 千秋诗圣 上 杜甫
【生平简介】
杜甫（七一二－七七零），字子美，生于河南巩县（今河南省巩县），是名诗人杜审言的孙子。因曾居长安城南少陵，故自称少陵野老，世称杜少陵。三十五岁以前读书与游历。天宝年间到长安，仕进无门，困顿了十年，才获得右卫率府胄曹参军的小职。安史之乱开始，他流亡颠沛，竟为叛军所俘；脱险后，授官左拾遗。乾元二年（七五九），他弃官西行，最后到四川，定居成都一度在剑南节度使严武幕中任检校工部员外郎，故又有杜工部之称。晚年举家东迁，途中留滞夔州二年，出峡。漂泊鄂、湘一带，贫病而卒。
子美生活在唐朝由盛转衰的历史时期，其诗多涉笔社会动荡、政治黑暗、人民疾苦，被誉为「诗史」。其人忧国忧民，人格高尚，诗艺精湛，被奉为「诗圣」。
杜甫善于运用古典诗歌的许多体制，并加以创造性地发展。他是新乐府诗体的开路人。他的乐府诗，促成了中唐时期新乐府运动的发展。他的五七古长篇，亦诗亦史，展开铺叙，而又着力于全篇的回旋往复，标志着我国诗歌艺术的高度成就。杜甫在五七律上也表现出显著的创造性，积累了关于声律、对仗、炼字炼句等完整的艺术经验，使这一体裁达到完全成熟的阶段。有《杜工部集》传世。
Du Fu (Chinese: 杜甫; Wade-Giles: Tu Fu, 712--770) was a prominent Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty. Along with Li Bai (Li Po), he is frequently called the greatest of the Chinese poets.[1] His own greatest ambition was to help his country by becoming a successful civil servant, but he proved unable to make the necessary accommodations. His life, like the whole country, was devastated by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755, and the last 15 years of his life were a time of almost constant unrest.
Initially little known, his works came to be hugely influential in both Chinese and Japanese culture. Of his poetic writing, nearly fifteen hundred poems written by Du Fu have been handed down over the ages.He has been called Poet-Historian and the Poet-Sage by Chinese critics, while the range of his work has allowed him to be introduced to Western readers as "the Chinese Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Shakespeare, Milton, Burns, Wordsworth, Béranger, Hugo or Baudelaire".
Moral engagement
A second favourite epithet of Chinese critics is that of "poet sage" (詩聖 shī shèng), a counterpart to the philosophical sage, Confucius. One of the earliest surviving works, The Song of the Wagons (from around 750), gives voice to the sufferings of a conscript soldier in the imperial army, even before the beginning of the rebellion; this poem brings out the tension between the need of acceptance and fulfilment of one's duties, and a clear-sighted consciousness of the suffering which this can involve. These themes are continuously articulated in the poems on the lives of both soldiers and civilians which Du Fu produced throughout his life.
Although Du Fu's frequent references to his own difficulties can give the impression of an all-consuming solipsism, Hawkes argues that his "famous compassion in fact includes himself, viewed quite objectively and almost as an afterthought". He therefore "lends grandeur" to the wider picture by comparing it to "his own slightly comical triviality".
Du Fu's compassion, for himself and for others, was part of his general broadening of the scope of poetry: he devoted many works to topics which had previously been considered unsuitable for poetic treatment. Zhang Jie wrote that for Du Fu, "everything in this world is poetry",and he wrote extensively on subjects such as domestic life, calligraphy, paintings, animals and other poems.
Technical excellence
Du Fu's work is notable above all for its range. Chinese critics traditionally used the term 集大成 (jídàchéng- "complete symphony"), a reference to Mencius' description of Confucius. Yuan Zhen was the first to note the breadth of Du Fu's achievement, writing in 813 that his predecessor, "united in his work traits which previous men had displayed only singly".He mastered all the forms of Chinese poetry: Chou says that in every form he "either made outstanding advances or contributed outstanding examples". Furthermore, his poems use a wide range of registers, from the direct and colloquial to the allusive and self-consciously literary. The tenor of his work changed as he developed his style and adapted to his surroundings ("chameleon-like" according to Watson): his earliest works are in a relatively derivative, courtly style, but he came into his own in the years of the rebellion. Owen comments on the "grim simplicity" of the Qinzhou poems, which mirrors the desert landscape; the works from his Chengdu period are "light, often finely observed"; while the poems from the late Kuizhou period have a "density and power of vision".
Although he wrote in all poetic forms, Du Fu is best known for his lǜshi, a type of poem with strict constraints on the form and content of the work. About two thirds of his 1500 extant works are in this form, and he is generally considered to be its leading exponent. His best lǜshi use the parallelisms required by the form to add expressive content rather than as mere technical restrictions. Hawkes comments that, "it is amazing that Tu Fu is able to use so immensely stylized a form in so natural a manner".
Influence
In his lifetime, and immediately following his death, Du Fu was not greatly appreciated. In part this can be attributed to his stylistic and formal innovations, some of which are still "considered extremely daring and bizarre by Chinese critics". There are few contemporary references to him—only eleven poems from six writers—and these describe him in terms of affection, but not as a paragon of poetic or moral ideals. Du Fu is also poorly represented in contemporary anthologies of poetry.
However, as Hung notes, he "is the only Chinese poet whose influence grew with time", and in the ninth century he began to increase in popularity. Early positive comments came from Bai Juyi, who praised the moral sentiments of some of Du Fu's works (although he found these in only a small fraction of the poems), and from Han Yu, who wrote a piece defending Du Fu and Li Bai on aesthetic grounds from attacks made against them. By the beginning of the 10th century, Wei Zhuang had constructed the first replica of his thatched cottage in Sichuan.
It was in the 11th century, during the Northern Song era that Du Fu's reputation reached its peak. In this period a comprehensive re-evaluation of earlier poets took place, in which Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu came to be regarded as representing respectively the Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian strands of Chinese culture.[19] At the same time, the development of Neo-Confucianism ensured that Du Fu, as its poetic exemplar, occupied the paramount position.Su Shi famously expressed this reasoning when he wrote that Du Fu was "preeminent... because... through all his vicissitudes, he never for the space of a meal forgot his sovereign".His influence was helped by his ability to reconcile apparent opposites: political conservatives were attracted by his loyalty to the established order, while political radicals embraced his concern for the poor. Literary conservatives could look to his technical mastery, while literary radicals were inspired by his innovations. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Du Fu's loyalty to the state and concern for the poor have been interpreted as embryonic nationalism and socialism, and he has been praised for his use of simple, "people's language".
Du Fu's popularity grew to such an extent that it is as hard to measure his influence as that of Shakespeare in England: it was hard for any Chinese poet not to be influenced by him. While there was never another Du Fu, individual poets followed in the traditions of specific aspects of his work: Bai Juyi's concern for the poor, Lu You's patriotism, and Mei Yaochen's reflections on the quotidian are a few examples. More broadly, Du Fu's work in transforming the lǜshi from mere word play into "a vehicle for serious poetic utterance"set the stage for every subsequent writer in the genre.
Du Fu has also been influential beyond China, although in common with the other High Tang poets, his reception into the Japanese literary culture was relatively late. It was not until the 17th century that he was accorded the same respect in Japan as in China, but he then had a particular influence on Matsuo Bashō. In the 20th century, he was the favourite poet of Kenneth Rexroth, who has described him as "the greatest non-epic, non dramatic poet who has survived in any language", and commented that, "he has made me a better man, as a moral agent and as a perceiving organism".
Translation
There have been a number of notable translations of Du Fu's work into English. The translators have each had to contend with the same problems of bringing out the formal constraints of the original without sounding laboured to the western ear (particularly when translating lǜshi), and of dealing with the allusions contained particularly in the later works (Hawkes writes that "his poems do not as a rule come through very well in translation"—p. ix). One extreme on each issue is represented by Kenneth Rexroth's One Hundred Poems From the Chinese. His are free translations, which seek to conceal the parallelisms through enjambement and expansion and contraction of the content; his responses to the allusions are firstly to omit most of these poems from his selection, and secondly to "translate out" the references in those works which he does select.
An example of the opposite approach is Burton Watson's The Selected Poems of Du Fu. Watson follows the parallelisms quite strictly, persuading the western reader to adapt to the poems rather than vice versa. Similarly, he deals with the allusion of the later works by combining literal translation with extensive annotation.
第十集 千秋诗圣 下 杜甫
第十一集 大历诗人 刘长卿 韦应物 崔护 张继 卢纶 李益
1,刘长卿(?～786或791年) 中国唐代诗人。字文房。宣城（今安徽宣州）人，一作河间（今属河北）人。玄宗天宝进士 。肃宗至德间任监察御史、长洲县尉，贬岭南南巴尉，后返，旅居江浙。代宗时历任转运使判官，知淮西、鄂岳转运留后，被诬再贬睦州司马。德宗建中二年（781），任随州（今属湖北）刺史，世称刘随州。他生平坎坷，有一部分感伤身世之作，但也反映了安史乱后中原一带荒凉凋敝的景象。如《穆陵关北逢人归渔阳》、《疲兵篇》、《新息道中作》等，笔调苍凉沉郁。刘长卿诗以五七言近体为主，尤工五言。五律简练浑括，于深密中见清秀。如 《新年作》、《岳阳馆中望洞庭湖》、《碧涧别墅喜皇甫侍御相访》、《海盐官舍早春》等 。七律也多秀句 ，如"细雨湿衣看不见 ，闲花落地听无声"（《别严士元》）、"秋草独寻人去后，寒林空见日斜时"（《长沙过贾谊宅》）。五绝如《逢雪宿芙蓉山主人》、《江中对月》、《送灵澈上人》，以白描取胜 ，饶有韵致。但他的大部分诗内容单薄，境界狭窄，缺少变化，有字句雷同之感。《新唐书 ·艺文志》著录其集10卷。较流行的是明翻宋本《唐刘随州诗集》（10卷诗，1卷文） ，《全唐诗》编录其诗5卷。
2,韦应物（737～792）中国唐代诗人。长安(今陕西西安)人。一说卒于贞元九年 (793)。15岁起以三卫郎为玄宗近侍，出入宫闱，扈从游幸。安史之乱起，玄宗奔蜀 ，流落失职，始立志读书。代宗广德至德宗贞元间，先后为洛阳丞、京兆府功曹参军、鄂县令、比部员外郎 、滁州和江州刺史、左司郎中、苏州刺史。贞元七年退职。世称韦江州、韦左司或韦苏州。韦应物是山水田园诗派诗人，后人每以王孟韦柳并称。其山水诗景致优美，感受深细，清新自然而饶有生意。而《西塞山》景象壮阔，则显示韦诗雄豪的一面。其田园诗实质渐为反映民间疾苦的政治诗。代表作有 《观田家》。此外，他还有一些感情慷慨悲愤之作。部分诗篇思想消极，孤寂低沉。韦诗各体俱长，七言歌行音调流美，"才丽之外，颇近兴讽"（白居易《与元九书》)。五律一气流转 ，情文相生，耐人寻味。五、七绝清韵秀朗，《滁州西涧》的"春潮带雨晚来急，野渡无人舟自横"句，写景如画，为后世称许。韦诗以五古成就最高，风格冲淡闲远，语言简洁朴素 。但亦有秾丽秀逸的一面。其五古以学陶渊明为主，但在山水写景等方面，受谢灵运、谢朓的影响。此外，他偶亦作小词。今传有10卷本《韦江州集》、两卷本《韦苏州诗集》、1 0卷本《韦苏州集》。散文仅存一篇。
3,崔护 字殷功，博陵人。贞元十二年登第。终岭南节度使。其诗诗风精练婉丽，语极清新。诗六首，皆是佳作，尤以《题都城南庄》流传最广，脍炙人口，有目共赏。该诗以"人面桃花，物是人非"这样一个看似简单的人生经历道出了千万人都似曾有过的共同生活体验，为诗人赢得了不朽的诗名。《五月水边柳》一诗写柳，运用了比喻、拟人等多种修辞手法，从各个角度描摹垂柳的万千风情，写得尽态极妍，惟妙惟肖。各诗作中的"似醉烟景凝，如愁月露泫。 丝长鱼误恐，枝弱禽惊践"、"物象纤无隐，禽情只自迷"、"湖光迷翡翠，草色醉蜻蜓。鸟弄桐花日，鱼翻谷雨萍"等都是极难得的对句，充分显示了殷功炉火纯青、完美无缺的艺术造诣。
4,Zhang Ji (traditional Chinese: 張繼; simplified Chinese: 张继; pinyin: Zhāng Jì; Wade-Giles: Chang Tsi, fl. 8th century), courtesy nameYisun (懿孙), was a Chinese poet born in Xiangyang, Hubei during the Tang Dynasty. He is credited under the name Chang Tsi as the author of the original Chinese text for the second movement of Das Lied von der Erde by Gustav Mahler.The movement's title is "Der Einsame im Herbst" in German and "The Lonely Soul of Autumn" in English. The lyrics lament the dying of flowers and the passing of beauty.
Zhang is also credited with an untitled work listed as Fengqiao Yebo (楓橋夜泊, "Ancient Poem") in the classic anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems.
The identity of Mahler's Chang Tsi, sometimes Tchang-Tsi and Ts'ien-Ts'i, has not been definitively determined because the Western translation of the name corresponds to several combinations of Chinese characters, and the text as adapted by Mahler, after very free treatment by more than one translator, is hard to match to a specific Chinese original. Some believe he is Chang Tsi whereas others think that he is his companion Chien Chi (錢起).
5, 唐代大历十大才子冠冕的卢纶，诗名远播，但却屡试不第，人生与仕途都极不顺利，但他广泛的交游使他成为一个活跃的社交家，并最终借此步入仕途。
卢纶的诗，早年即以"舟人夜语觉潮生"为人称道。直至垂暮之年，文学才华也未消歇，《和张仆射塞下曲》成为诗歌史上的千古名作。在大历十才子中，他虽一生不得意，但死得最晚，所以对改变当时文体、诗风的影响也就最大。
6，李益(748-829)， 唐代诗人。字君虞，陕西姑臧(今甘肃武威)人，后迁河南郑州。大历四年(769)进士 ，初任郑县尉，久不得升迁，建中四年(783)登书判拔萃科。因仕途失意，后弃官在燕赵一带漫游。北游河朔，贞元十三年(797)任幽州节度使刘济从事。尝与济诗，有怨望语。十六年南游扬州等地，写了一些描绘江南风光的佳作。元和后入朝，历秘书少监、集贤殿学士、左散骑常侍等职。自负才地，多所凌忽，为众不容，谏官举其幽州诗句，降居散秩。宪宗时俄复用为秘书监，迁太子宾客、集贤学士，判院事，转右散骑常侍。大和元年(827)礼部尚书，以礼部尚书致仕卒。诗风豪放明快，尤以边塞诗为有名。他是中唐边塞诗的代表诗人。《送辽阳使还军》、《夜上受降城闻笛》2首，当时广为传唱。其边塞诗虽不乏壮词，但偏于感伤，主要抒写边地士卒久戍思归的怨望心情，不复有盛唐边塞诗的豪迈乐观情调。他擅长绝句，尤工七绝，名篇如《夜上西城》、《从军北征》、《受降》、《春夜闻笛》等。其律体亦不乏名篇，如五律《喜见外弟又言别》"问姓惊初见，称名忆旧容"，是历代传诵的名句。七律《同崔邠登鹳雀楼》、《盐州过胡儿饮马泉》等，均属佳作。今存《李益集》2卷，《李君虞诗集》2卷，《二酉堂丛书》本《李尚书诗集》1卷。 益长于歌诗，贞元末，与宗人李贺齐名。每作一篇，教坊乐人以赂求取，唱为供奉歌辞。其《征人歌》、《早行篇》，好事者画为屏障。其最著名的代表作为《江南词》和《夜上受降城闻笛》，前者写一思妇因丈夫是瞿塘商贾，"重利轻别离"，天天不得相聚，因此不由得暗中后悔："早知潮有信，嫁与弄潮儿"（早知道还不如嫁给弄潮儿呢！毕竟潮水的涨落有确定的时刻，与弄潮儿总还能朝夕厮守，比作商贾之妇强多了），心理描写可谓传神入微矣；后者写受降城上的戍边将士的思乡之情，"不知何处吹芦管，一夜征人尽望乡"，芦管悠扬激起乡思悠长，读来令人同情感伤。集一卷，今编诗二卷（全唐诗中卷第二百八十二和二 百八十三） 。
第十二集 韩孟诗派 韩愈 孟郊
韩愈（768～824）唐代文学家、哲学家。字退之。河南河阳（今河南省孟州市）人，郡望昌黎，世称韩昌黎。因官吏部侍郎，又称韩吏部。谥号"文"，又称韩文公。
在文学成就上，同柳宗元齐名，称为＂韩柳＂。他是唐代古文运动的倡导者，世盛称其"文起八代之衰 "。
贞元八年（七九二）进士。唐宪宗时，曾随同裴度平定淮西藩镇之乱。在刑部侍郎任上，他上疏谏迎佛骨，触怒了宪宗，被贬为潮州刺史。后于穆宗时，召为国子监祭酒，历任京兆尹及兵部、吏部侍郎。
他是唐代着名的散文家和重要诗人。他和柳宗元政见不和，但并未影响他们共同携手倡导古文运动。他们反对过分追求形式的骈文，提倡散文，强调文章内容的重要性。
韩愈时代的诗坛，已开始突破了大历诗人的狭小天地。韩愈更是别开生面，也创建了一个新的诗歌流派。他善于用强健而有力的笔触，驱使纵横磅礴的气势，夹杂着恢奇诡谲的情趣，给诗思渲染上一层浓郁瑰丽的色彩，造成奔雷挚电的壮观。
另外韩诗在艺术上有「以文为诗」的特点，对后世亦有不小的影响。当然韩诗中也有追求怪诞诡谲的游戏文字，是不足取的。著有《韩昌黎集》四十卷，《外集》十卷。
韩愈诗名句和格言：
· 书山有路勤为径,学海无崖苦作舟.
· 亲之割之不断，疏者属之不坚。
· 少年乐相知，衰暮思故友。
· 事业无穷年。
· 师者，所以传道授业解惑者也。
· 业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。
· 人非生而知之，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。
· 无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。
· 圣人无常师。
· 唐•韩愈《原道》想要在道德人品上进行修炼的人，首先要纯正自己的思想。而要纯正思想，首先要使自己的意念真诚。
· 怠者不能修，而忌者畏人修。
· 业精于勤荒于嬉，行成于思毁于随。
· 业精于勤而荒于嬉，行成于思而毁于随。
· 业精于勤,荒于嬉,行成于思,毁于随。
· 闻道有先后,术业有专攻。
· 蚍蜉撼大树,可笑不自量。
· 不塞不流,不止不行。
孟郊 (751-814)唐代诗人。人们曾把孟郊与韩愈并称"韩孟诗派"，主要是因为他们都尚古好奇，多写古体诗。但孟郊所作，多为句式短截的五言古体，用语刻琢而不尚华丽，擅长寓奇特于古拙，如韩愈所谓"横空盘硬语，妥帖力排奡"（《荐士》）。而韩愈的七言古体最具特色，气势雄放而怪奇瑰丽。他们的诗都很有力度，但韩愈的力度是奔放的，孟郊的力度则是内敛的。他更多地学习了汉魏六朝五言古诗的传统，正如李翱所说，"郊为五言诗，自汉李都尉（陵）、苏属国（武）及建安诸子、南朝二谢，郊能兼其体而有之"（《荐所知于徐州张仆射书》）。因此，与大历、贞元诗人相比，他更接近汉、魏风骨；而与他之后的韩愈、李贺相比，则又较多地保留了大历、贞元诗风的痕迹。
第十三集 新乐府派 上 白居易
（视频开始少了一段，补上：唐宪宗元和年间，即公元九世纪最初二十年，安史之乱已过去半个世纪，唐王朝终于又从衰乱中想有所作为了。于是整顿赋税，以增加收入，平定几个闹独立的藩镇，使全国终于又形式上统一了。诗坛上于是也逐步摆脱八世纪下半叶那种内容单薄、形式精巧的诗风，不仅出现了以韩愈为首的奇崛险怪的诗派，以白居易为首的新乐府派，而且还有柳宗元、刘禹锡等独树一帜的名家。）
白居易(772--846)，唐代诗人，字乐天，号香山居士，祖籍太原[今属山西]。到了其曾祖父时，又迁居下邽（音guī）（今陕西渭南北）。白居易的祖父白湟曾任巩县 [河南巩义]县令，与当时的新郑[属河南]县令是好友。见新郑山川秀美，民风淳朴，白湟十分喜爱，就举家迁移到新郑城西的东郭宅村（今东郭寺）。唐代宗大历七年（公元77 2年2月28日）正月二十日，白居易在东郭宅降生了。武宗会昌六年(846年)八月卒于洛阳[属河南]，享年75岁。著有《白氏长庆集》七十一卷。 晚年官至太子少傅，谥号"文"，世称白傅、白文公。在文学上积极倡导新乐府运动，主张文章合为时而著，诗歌合为事而作，写下了不少感叹时世、反映人民疾苦的诗篇，对后世颇有影响。是我国文学史上相当重要的诗人。
杜甫而后，白居易是我国古代一位杰出的现实主义诗人。他所生活的七十多年里，正是安史之乱后各种矛盾冲突急剧发展的时期，也正是唐朝走向衰微的时期。错综复杂的社会现实，在白居易诗中得到了较全面的反映。今存白居易诗近三千首，数量之多在唐代诗人中首屈一指。他的成就，主要表现在两个方面：一是政治讽喻诗；一是以《长恨歌》、《琵琶行》为代表的长篇叙事诗。前者把当时社会病态的症结所在，几乎全部呈露在他的笔底。后者则有着曲折离奇、自具首尾的细致的情节描写，和完整而鲜明的人物形象的塑造。在语言和音调上又显得特别得流畅匀称，优美和谐。这是一种新型的诗，当时号称「千字律诗」，流传极广，正如宣宗李忱所说：「童子解吟长恨曲，胡儿能唱琵琶篇」。著有《白氏长庆集》七十一卷。
Bai Juyi (Chinese: 白居易; pinyin: Bái Jūyì; Wade-Giles: Pai Chüi, 772--846) was a Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty. His poems are not cheerful, and were themed around his responsibilities as a governor of several small provinces to sympathise with his people. He is renowned in Japan as well, where he is called Haku Rakuten.
Life
Bai Juyi was born in Xinzheng to a poor but scholarly family. At the age of ten he was sent away from his family to be educated near Chang'an. He passed the jinshi degree in 800. His official career was initially successful: he was a Member of the Hanlin Academy and Reminder of the Left from 807 until 815, when he was exiled for remonstrating too forcefully. His career resumed when he was made Prefect of Hangzhou (822-824) and then Suzhou (825-827).
Works
He wrote over 2,800 poems, which he had copied and distributed to ensure their survival.
He is most notable for the accessibility of his work. It is said that he rewrote any part of a poem which one of his servants was unable to understand. He tried to use simple language and direct themes. Two of his most famous works are the long narrative poems Song of Eternal Sorrow, which tells the story of Yang Guifei, and Song of the Pipa Player. Like Du Fu, he also had a strong sense of social responsibility, and he is also well-known for his satirical poems, such as The Elderly Charcoal Seller. Bai Juyi's accessibility made him extremely popular in his lifetime in both China and Japan, and he continues to be so today.
第十四集 新乐府派 中 白居易
白居易是中唐时期极可注意的大诗人，他的诗歌主张和诗歌创作，以其对通俗性、写实性的突出强调和全力表现，在中国诗史上占有重要的地位。在《与元九书》中，他明确说："仆志在兼济，行在独善。奉而始终之则为道，言而发明之则为诗。谓之讽谕诗，兼济之志也；谓之闲适诗，独善之义也。"由此可以看出，在白居易自己所分的讽谕、闲适、感伤、杂律四类诗中，前二类体现着他 "奉而始终之"的兼济、独善之道，所以最受重视。而他的诗歌主张，也主要是就早期的讽谕诗的创作而发的。
早在元和初所作《策林》中，白居易就表现出重写实、尚通俗、强调讽谕的倾向："今褒贬之文无核实，则惩劝之道缺矣；美刺之诗不稽政，则补察之义废矣。......俾辞赋合炯戒讽谕者，虽质虽野，采而奖之。"（六十八《议文章》）诗的功能是惩恶劝善，补察时政，诗的手段是美刺褒贬，炯戒讽谕，所以他主张："立采诗之官，开讽刺之道，察其得失之政，通其上下之情。"（六十九《采诗》）他反对离开内容单纯地追求"宫律高"、"文字奇"，更反对齐梁以来"嘲风月、弄花草"的艳丽诗风。在《新乐府序》中，他明确指出作诗的标准是："其辞质而径，欲见之者易谕也；其言直而切，欲闻之者深诫也；其事核而实，使采之者传信也；其体顺而肆，可以播于乐章歌 曲也。"这里的"质而径"、"直而切"、 "核而实"、"顺而肆"，分别强调了语言须质朴通俗，议论须直白显露，写事须绝假纯真，形式须流利畅达，具有歌谣色彩。也就是说，诗歌必须既写得真实可信，又浅显易懂，还便于入乐歌唱，才算达到了极致。
白居易对诗歌提出的上述要求，全部目的只有一个，那就是补察时政。所以他紧接着说：" 总而言之，为君、为臣、为民、为物、为事而作，不为文而作也。" （《新乐府序》）在《与元九书》中，他回顾早年的创作情形说："自登朝来，年齿渐长，阅事渐多，每与人言，多询时务；每读书史，多求理道，始知文章合为时而著，歌诗合为事而作。"为时为事而作，首要的还是"为君"而作。他也说："但伤民病痛，不识时忌讳" （《伤唐衢二首》其二），并创作了大量反映民生疾苦的讽谕诗，但总体指向却是"唯歌生民病，愿得天子知"（《寄唐生》）。因为只有将民情上达天听，皇帝开壅蔽、达人情，政治才会趋向休明。
《琵琶行》与《长恨歌》是白居易写得最成功的作品，其艺术表现上的突出特点是抒情因素的强化。与此前的叙事诗相比，这两篇作品虽也用叙述、描写来表现事件，但却把事件简到不能再简，只用一个中心事件和两三个主要人物来结构全篇，诸如颇具戏剧性的马嵬事变，作者寥寥数笔即将之带过，而在最便于抒情的人物心理描写和环境气氛渲染上，则泼墨如雨，务求尽情，即使《琵琶行》这种在乐声摹写和人物遭遇叙述上着墨较多的作品，也是用情把声和事紧紧联结在一起，声随情起，情随事迁，使诗的进程始终伴随着动人的情感力量。除此之外，这两篇作品的抒情性还表现在以精选的意象来营造恰当的氛围、烘托诗歌的意境上。如《长恨歌》中"行宫见月伤心色，夜雨闻铃肠断声"、《琵琶行》中"枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟"、"别时茫茫江浸月"等类诗句，或将凄冷的月色、淅沥的夜雨、断肠的铃声组合成令人销魂的场景，或以瑟瑟作响的枫叶、荻花和茫茫江月构成哀凉孤寂的画面，其中透露的凄楚、感伤、怅惘意绪为诗中人物、事件统统染色，也使读者面对如此意境、氛围而心灵摇荡，不能自已。
闲适诗和讽谕诗是白居易特别看重的两类诗作，二者都具有尚实、尚俗、务尽的特点，但在内容和情调上却很不相同。讽谕诗志在"兼济"，与社会政治紧相关联，多写得意激气烈；闲适诗则意在"独善"，"知足保和，吟玩性情" （《与元九书》），从而表现出淡泊平和、闲逸悠然的情调。
白居易的闲适诗在后代有很大影响，其浅切平易的语言风格、淡泊悠闲的意绪情调，都曾屡屡为人称道，但相比之下，这些诗中所表现的那种退避政治、知足保和的"闲适"思想，以及归趋佛老、效法陶渊明的生活态度，因与后世文人的心理较为吻合，所以影响更为深远。 如白居易有"相争两蜗角，所得一牛毛" （《不如来饮酒七首》其七）、"蜗牛角上争何事，石火光中寄此身"（《对酒五首》其二）的诗句，而"后之使蜗角事悉稽之"（吴曾《能改斋漫录》卷八）。即以宋人所取名号论，"醉翁、迂叟、东坡之名，皆出于白乐天诗云"（龚颐正《芥隐笔记》）。宋人周必大指出："本朝苏文忠公不轻许可，独敬爱乐天，屡形诗篇。盖其文章皆主辞达，而忠厚好施，刚直尽言，与人有情，于物无着，大略相似。谪居黄州，始号东坡，其原必起于乐天忠州之作也。"（《二老堂诗话》）凡此种种，都展示出白居易及其诗的影响轨迹。
第十五集 新乐府派 下 张籍 王建 元稹
张籍（767-830)，唐代诗人。字文昌，原籍吴郡(治今江苏苏州)，少时迁和州乌江(今安徽和县乌江镇)。贞元十五年进士，历任太常寺太祝、国子监助教、秘书郎、国子博士、水部员外郎、主客郎中，仕终国子司业，故世称张水部、张司业。因家境贫困，眼疾严重，孟郊戏称"穷瞎张太祝"。他对文学社会作用的认识，与白居易相近。与韩愈、白居易、孟郊、王建交厚。诗多反映当时社会矛盾和民生疾苦，颇得白居易推重，与王建齐名，并称"张王"。有《张司业集》。 张籍诗歌创作大致有3个时期。40岁前为早期。40-50岁为中期，其优秀乐府歌行作品多作于此期。50岁后为晚期。这时生活逐渐安定，除仍写乐府歌行外，多作近体诗。他是中唐时期新乐府运动的积极支持者和推动者。其乐府诗颇多反映当时社会现实之作，表现了对人民的同情。其诗作的特点是语言凝练而平易自然。和当时的王建齐名，世称"张王" 。诗中广泛深刻地反映了各种社会矛盾，同情人民疾苦，如《塞下曲》、《征妇怨》，另一类描绘农村风俗和生活画面，如《采莲曲》、《江南曲》。张籍乐府诗艺术成就很高，善于概括事物对立面，在数篇或一篇之中形成强烈对比，又善用素描手法，细致真实地刻画各种人物的形象。其体裁多为"即事名篇"的新乐府，有时沿用旧题也能创出新意。语言通俗浅近而又峭炼含蓄，常以口语入诗。他还着意提炼结语，达到意在言外的批判和讽刺效果。张籍的五律，不事藻饰，不假雕琢，于平易流畅之中见委婉深挚之致，对晚唐五律影响较大。上海古籍出版社有《张籍诗集》。
王建， 唐诗人。字仲初，颍川（今河南许昌）人。家贫，"从军走马十三年"，居乡则"终日忧衣食"，四十岁以后，"白发初为吏"，沉沦于下僚，任县丞、司马之类，世称王司马。他写了大量的乐府，同情百姓疾苦，与张籍齐名。又写过宫词百首，在传统的宫怨之外，还广泛地描绘宫中风物，是研究唐代宫廷生活的重要材料。他写过一些小词，别具一格，《调笑令》，原题为"宫中调笑"，可见本是专门供君王开开玩笑的，王建却用来写宫中妇女的哀怨："团扇，团扇，美人并来遮面。玉颜憔悴三年，谁复商量管弦？弦管，弦管，春草昭阳路断。"末句斩钉截铁，守望之情，跃然纸上。又如《江南三台》："扬州池边小妇，长干市里商人。三年不得消息，各自拜鬼求神。"纯是白描，别有情趣。
王建乐府诗，善于选择生活中具有典型意义的人物，事件和环境加以艺术概括,集中而形象地反映现实,揭示矛盾。他很少在诗中发议论，而是运用比兴、白描、对比、映衬等手法，通过各种形象或人物的自白来再现现实；或在结尾用重笔突出主题，戛然而止。用笔简洁峭拔，入木三分，语气含蓄，意在言外。体裁大多是七言歌行，篇幅较短。语言通俗明晰而凝炼精悍，富有民歌谣谚的色彩。用韵平仄相间,往往隔二句或四句换韵,节奏短促，激越有力。这些特色，形成了王建乐府诗特有的艺术风格。
Yuan Zhen (Chinese: 元稹; pinyin: Yuán Zhěn; Wade-Giles: Yüan Chen, 779--831), courtesy name Weizhi (微之), was an important Chinese writer and poet in the middle Tang Dynasty known for his work Yingying's Biography.
A native of Luoyang, Yuan was a descendant of Northern Wei's ruling elites. He lost his father at the age of eight and moved to Fengxiang, near today's Baoji, Shaanxi with his mother Lady Zheng (郑氏). Yuan began his writings at the age of fifteen, he was a member of Bai Juyi's literary circle and a key figure in the ancient literature revival. He was a friend of Bai Juyi and also of Xue Tao, a courtesan and famous poet who might have been his lover.
Yuan was the author of Yingying's Biography (鶯鶯傳) which was adapted for operas and songs. In 813, he wrote a grave inscription for Du Fu, which contains some of the earliest known praise for his predecessor's works.
Representative Poem
Missing you (part four of five) (離思五首 其四)
曾經滄海難為水，除卻巫山不是雲。取次花叢懶回顧，半緣修道半緣君。Having crossed the vast oceans, I can no longer take a river seriously. If it's not on Mount Wushan, it's not a cloud. I don't care to think back on our leisurely walks among the flowers and shrubs. Half of me is bound to religious devotion, and half is bound to you. (Wikipedia translation)
元稹，字微之，河南河内人。生于唐大历十四年（公元779年），死于大和五年（公元831年）。他8 岁丧父，少年贫贱，母郑贤而文，亲授书传。举明经书判入等，补校书郎。元和初，应制策第一。除左拾遗，历监察御史。坐事贬江陵士曹参军，徙通州司马。自虢州长史征为膳部员外郎，拜祠部郎中、知制诰。召入翰林为中书舍人、承旨学士，进工部侍郎同平章事。未几罢相，出为同州刺史。改越州刺史、兼御史大夫、浙东观察使。太和初，入为尚书左丞、检校户部尚书，兼鄂州刺史、武昌军节度使。年五十三卒，赠尚书右仆射。稹自少与白居易倡和，当时言诗者称"元白"，号为"元和体"。其诗辞浅意哀，仿佛孤凤悲吟，极为扣人心扉，动人肺腑。 代表作有《菊花》、《离思五首》（其四）、《遣悲怀三首》、《兔丝》、《和裴校书鹭鸶飞》、《夜池》、《感逝（浙东）》、《晚春》、《靖安穷居》、《送致用》、《宿石矶》 、《夜坐》、《雪天》、《酬乐天得微之诗知通州事因成四首》、《织妇词》、《夜别筵》、《山枇杷》、《所思二首》、《斑竹（得之湘流）》、《竹部（石首县界）》、《白衣裳二首》、《鱼中素》、《酬许五康佐（次用本韵）》等，其中《菊花》、《离思五首》（其四）和《遣悲怀三首》（其二）三首流传很广，尤其是《离思五首》（其四）这一首极负盛名。该诗写久藏心底的不尽情思，因为与情人的曾经相识而自此对其他的女人再也不屑一顾（"取次花丛懒回顾"），诗中的比兴之句"曾经沧海难为水，除却巫山不是云"语言幻美，意境朦胧，十分脍炙人口。而《遣悲怀三首》表达对亡妻的不尽思念，写得悲气袭人，令人不由得一掬同情之泪，其中第二首的结句"贫贱夫妻百事哀"为世所熟诵。微之其集与居易同名长庆，今编诗二十八卷（全唐诗中卷第三百九十六至四百二十三）。
第十六集 别调重弹 柳宗元
【生平简介】
柳宗元（七七三－八一九），字子厚，河东（今山西永济县）人。贞元初年进士，官监察御史。顺宗时，王叔文执政，他任礼部员外郎，锐意推行政治改革。不久，王叔文失败，他也被贬为永州司马，迁柳州刺史。在南方凡十四年，死于柳州。
柳宗元是杰出的思想家，凭着一股积极的热情和出色的才能进行政治活动。改革虽然失败了，中年以后的处境更加悲苦，但这却使得柳宗元有机会深入生活、接近百姓、反思历史，从而使他成为一个卓越的散文家和诗人。他和韩愈是古文运动的两个主要倡导者。但从一定意义上说，柳宗元在思想方面所具有的进步的积极的意义，似又因韩愈的某些保守意识而有所不及。
柳宗元的诗，数量较多的是抒写个人抑郁的心情和离乡去国的悲哀。从这些诗篇里，我们可以看出一个有理想的正直的人在不合理的黑暗社会里遭受到怎样残酷的迫害！在柳诗中成为特有的新颖题材的是对西南地带少数民族生活进行多方面描绘的作品。其中洋溢着非常浓厚的地方情调和气氛。至于刻画自然景物的小诗，如《江雪》、《渔翁》等，都是脍炙人口的名作。著有《柳河东集》四十五卷，《外集》二卷。
Liu Zongyuan (Chinese: 柳宗元; pinyin: Liǔ Zōngyuán; Wade-Giles: Liu Tsungyüan, 773--819), courtesy nameZihou (子厚), was a Chinese writer who lived in Chang'an during the Tang Dynasty. Liu was born in present-day Yongji, Shanxi, along with Han Yu, he was a founder of the Classical Prose Movement. He was traditionally classed as one of the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song.
Civil service career
His civil service career was initially successful, but in 805 he fell from favour because of his association with a failed reformist movement. He was exiled first to Yongzhou, Hunan, and then to Liuzhou, Guangxi. However, this setback allowed his literary career to flourish: he produced poems, fables, reflective travelogues and essays sythesizing elements of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.
His best-known travel pieces are the Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou (永州八游记). Around 180 of his poems are extant. Some of his works celebrate his freedom from office, while others mourn his banishment.
刘禹锡和柳宗元的经历非常之相似, 但是由于两人的性格完全不同, 两人的境遇也迥异。
文学成就
虽然活了不到50岁，但柳宗元却在文学上创造了光辉的业绩，在诗歌、辞赋、散文、游记、寓言、小说、杂文以及文学理论诸方面，都做出了突出的贡献。
柳宗元一生留下600多篇诗文作品，其诗多抒写抑郁悲愤、思乡怀友之情，幽峭峻郁，自成一路。最为世人称道者，是那些清深意远、疏淡峻洁的山水闲适之作。文的成就大于诗。 其骈文有近百篇，不脱唐骈文习气，但也有像《南霁云睢阳庙碑》那样的佳作。
柳宗元的集子,为刘禹锡所编, 题《河东先生集》，宋初穆修始为刊行。《四库全书》所收宋韩醇《诂训柳先生文集》45卷、外集2卷、新编外集1卷，为现存柳集最早的本子。宋童宗说音注、张敦颐音辨、潘纬音义的《增广注释音辨唐柳先生集》43卷、别集2卷、外集2卷、附录1卷，有《四部丛刊》影元刊本，为现行影印本之最早者。宋童宗说注《新刊增广百家详补注唐柳先生文集》45卷,宋建州刻本,现藏北京图书馆。宋魏怀忠编注《五百家注音辨柳先生文集》21卷、外集2卷、新编外集1卷、《龙城录》2卷、附录8卷，有《四库全书珍本初集》影印文渊阁本。宋廖莹中编注《河东先生集》45卷、外集2卷、补遗、附录等，为宋人注本中最后的一种，有□隐庐影印宋刻世□堂本，中华书局上 海编辑所曾据以排印，上海人民出版社有重印本。明蒋之翘辑注《柳河东集》45卷、外集5卷、遗文、附录等，虽采辑旧注，中多蒋氏自注的部分；有明三径藏书刻本、《四部备要 》排印本。
柳宗元重视文章的内容，主张文以明道，认为"道"应于国于民有利，切实可行。他注重文学的社会功能，强调文须有益于世。他提倡思想内容与艺术形式的完美结合，指出写作必须持认真严肃的态度，强调作家道德修养的重要性。他推崇先秦两汉文章，提出要向儒家经典及《庄子》、《老子》、《离骚》、《史记》等学习借鉴，博观约取，以为我用，但又不能厚古薄今。在诗歌理论方面，他继承了刘勰标举"比兴"和陈子昂提倡"兴寄"的传统。与白居易《与元九书》中关于讽喻诗的主张一致。他的诗文理论，代表着当时文学运动的进步倾向。
诗歌
柳宗元的诗，共集中140余首，在大家辈出、百花争艳的唐代诗坛上，是存诗较少的一个，但却多有传世之作。他在自己独特的生活经历和思想感受的基础上，借鉴前人的艺术经验，发挥自己的创作才华，创造出一种独特的艺术风格，成为代表当时一个流派的杰出诗才。 苏轼评价说："所贵乎枯谈者，谓其外枯而中膏，似淡而实美，渊明、子厚之流是也。"把柳宗元和陶渊明并列。现存柳宗元诗，绝大部分是贬官永州以后作品，题材广泛，体裁多样。他的叙事诗文笔质朴，描写生动，寓言诗形象鲜明，寓意深刻，抒情诗更善于用清新峻爽的文笔，委婉深曲地抒写自己的心情。不论何种体裁，都写得精工密致，韵味深长，在简淡的格调中表现极其沉厚的感情，呈现一种独特的面貌。因他是一位关心现实、同情人民的诗人，所以无论写什么题材，都能写出具有社会意义和艺术价值的诗篇。
柳诗现存140多首，均为贬谪后所作。前人把他与王维、孟浩然、韦应物并称王孟韦柳。其部分五古思想内容近于陶渊明诗，语言朴素自然，风格淡雅而意味深长。另外一些五古则受谢灵运影响，造语精妙，间杂玄理，连制题也学谢诗。但柳诗能于清丽中蕴藏幽怨，同中有异。另外，柳诗还有以慷慨悲健见长的律诗《登柳州城楼寄漳汀封连四州》为唐代七律名篇，绝句《江雪》在唐人绝句中也是不可多得之作。
古文
柳宗元的散文，与韩愈齐名，韩柳二人与宋代的欧阳修、苏轼等并称为"唐宋八大家"，堪称我国历史上最杰出的散文家。唐中叶，柳宗元和韩愈在文坛上发起和领导了一场古文运动 。他们提出了一系列思想理论和文学主张。在文章内容上，针对骈文不重内容、空洞无物的弊病，提出"文道合一"、"以文明道"。要求文章反映现实，"不平则鸣"，富于革除时弊的批判精神。文章形式上，提出要革新文体，突破骈文束缚，句式长短不拘，并要求革新语言"务去陈言"、"辞必己出"。此外，还指出先"立行"再"立言"。这是一种进步的文学主张。韩柳二人在创作实践中身体力行，创作了许多内容丰富、技巧纯熟、语言精练生动的优秀散文。韩柳的古文运动对后世产生了深远的影响。
在游记、寓言等方面，柳宗元同样为后世留下了极其优秀的作品。"永州八记"已成为我国古代山水游记名作。这些优美的山水游记，生动表达了人对自然美的感受，丰富了古典散文反映生活的新领域，从而确立了山水记作为独立的文学体裁在文学史上的地位。因其艺术上的成就，被人们千古传诵、推崇备至。除寓言诗外，柳宗元还写了不少寓言故事，《黔之驴》、《永某氏之鼠》等，也已成古代寓言名篇。"黔驴技穷"，已成成语，几乎尽人皆知。有的寓言篇幅虽短，但也同他的山水记一样，被千古传诵。
论说：包括哲学、政论等文及以议论为主的杂文。笔锋犀利，论证精确。《天说》为哲学论文代表作。《封建论》、《断刑论》为长篇和中篇政论代表作。《晋文公问守原议》、《桐叶封弟辩》、《伊尹五就桀赞》等为短篇政论代表。其哲学思想中具有朴素的唯物论成分。 其政治思想主要表现为重"势"的进步社会历史观和儒家的民本思想。但也受佛教影响，尤是政治失意时，往往向佛教寻找精神上的解脱。
寓言：继承并发展了《庄子》、《韩非子》、《吕氏春秋》、《列子》、《战国策》传统，多用来讽刺、抨击当时社会的丑恶现象。推陈出新，造意奇特，善用各种动物拟人化的艺术形象寄寓哲理或表达政见。代表作有《三戒》（《临江之麋》、《黔之驴》、《永某氏之鼠》）、《传》、《罴说》等篇。嬉笑怒骂，因物肖形，表现了高度的幽默讽刺艺术。
传记：继承了《史记》、《汉书》传统，又有所创新。代表作有《段太尉逸事状》、《梓人传》、《河间传》、《捕蛇者说》等。有些作品在真人真事基础上有夸张虚构，似寓言又似小说。如《宋清传》、《种树郭橐驼传》、《童区寄传》。
山水游记：最为脍炙人口，均写于被贬后，以永州之作更胜。典范之作为《永州八记》：《始得西山宴游记》、《钴姆潭记》、《钴姆潭西小丘记》、《至小丘西小石潭记》、《袁家渴记》、《石渠记》、《石涧记》、《小石城山记》。这些作品，既有借美好景物寄寓自己的遭遇和怨愤；也有作者幽静心境的描写，表现在极度苦闷中转而追求精神的寄托。至于直接刻画山水景色，则或峭拔峻洁，或清邃奇丽，以精巧的语言再现自然美。《永州八记》作于元和四年以后。那时，柳宗元因政治改革失败被贬永州，即今湖南永州。文章写的都是当时永州附近的一些山水风景，文章短小、轻灵，朴实、顺畅，为历代所传颂。其中以《至小丘西小石潭记》最为著名，作者通过他的笔向人们描述出了一个清幽宁静的小石潭风景。文章引人入胜，隽咏无穷。开头用未见其形，先闻其声的写法展示小石潭。以鱼写潭，则潭水之清澈可以想见；以鱼写人，则人羡鱼乐之情溢于言表。作者状形、传神、布影、设色，笔墨经济，手法高超。结尾以清寂幽邃之境写凄寒悄怆之感，情景交融。
骚赋
宋人严羽说："唐人惟子厚深得骚学。"此论相当中肯。柳宗元的辞赋继承和发扬了屈原辞赋的传统。他的辞赋，不仅利用了传统的形式，而且继承了屈原的精神。这或者是因为两人虽隔千载，但无论是思想、遭遇，还是志向、品格，都有相通之处。《旧唐书》本传云柳宗元"既罹窜逐，涉履蛮瘴，崎岖堙（户乙）。蕴骚人之郁悼，写情叙事，动必以文，为骚文数十篇，览之者为之凄恻。"与屈原之作辞赋，何其相似。柳宗元的"九赋"和"十骚"， 确为唐代赋体文学作品中的佳作，无论侧重于陈情，还是侧重于咏物，都感情真挚，内容充实。
《惩咎赋》、《闵生赋》、《梦归赋》、《囚山赋》等，均用《离骚》、《九章》体式。或直抒胸臆，或借古自伤，或寓言寄讽，幽思苦语，深得屈骚精髓。《天对》、《晋问》两巨篇，则为另一种类型，形式仿照《天问》、《七发》，造语奇特深奥。此外，柳集中也有不少有关佛教的碑、铭、记、序、诗歌等作品，对禅宗、天台宗、律宗等学说有所涉及。
政治、哲学思想
文学成就而外，柳宗元又是一位著名的思想家。一个积极投身于政治革新的人，必然是一个思想家。柳宗元的哲学论著有《非国语》、《贞符》、《时令论》、《断刑论》、《天说》、《天对》等。在这些论著中，柳宗元对汉代大儒董仲舒鼓吹的"夏商周三代受命之符"的符命说持否定态度，把董仲舒这样的大人物斥为"淫巫瞽史"，指责他"诳乱后代"。他反对天符、天命、天道诸说，批判神学，强调人事，用"人"来代替"神"，这在一千多年前神学迷信思想占统治地位的封建社会中，是十分难能可贵的。柳宗元还把对神学的批判变成对政治的批判，用朴素唯物主义观点解说"天人之际"即天和人的关系，对唯心主义天命论进行批判。他的哲学思想，是同当时社会生产力的发展、自然科学所达到的水平相适应的。 他把古代朴素唯物主义无神论思想发展到了一个新的高度，是中唐时代杰出的思想家。
柳宗元所写的一些关于社会政治的论著，是他的政治思想的具体反映，是他参与政治斗争的一种手段。《封建论》是柳宗元最著名的政治论文。针对分封制和郡县制两种制度之争，柳宗元认为整个社会历史是一个自然发展的过程，有其不以人们的意志为转移的客观发展的必然趋势。分封制暴露出种种严重弊端，而新的郡县制能克服分封制弊端，有优越性和进步性，因而极力支持郡县制。对秦始皇的评价，也反映出柳宗元政治思想的进步性。《六逆论》、《晋问》等政论文，主张任人唯贤，反对世袭特权，甚至认为天子在用人问题上有了错误，也应改正。他重视农战的思想也比较突出，重视劝农耕，修水利，以利民、安民。柳宗元推崇儒学，但不主宗一家。他的不少言论，往往从折衷调和的立场，来对儒、法、释、道等各家学说作调和的解说，这是他思想异于其他思想家之处。
第十七集 一代诗豪 刘禹锡
Liu Yuxi (traditional Chinese: 劉禹錫; simplified Chinese: 刘禹锡; pinyin: Liú Yǔxī, 772--842) was a Chinese poet, philosopher, and essayist, active during the Tang Dynasty. He was an associate of Bai Juyi and was known for his folk-style poems.
刘禹锡（772－842），字梦得，晚年自号庐山人, 彭城(今江苏徐州)人，是匈奴人的后裔。唐代中晚期诗人、哲学家。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门弟。政治上主张革新，是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。 诗现存800余首。其学习民歌，反映民众生活和风土人情的诗，题材广阔，风格上汲取巴蜀民歌含思宛转、朴素优美的特色，清新自然，健康活泼，充满生活情趣。其讽刺诗往往以寓言托物手法，抨击镇压永贞革新的权贵，涉及较广的社会现象。晚年所作，风格渐趋含蓄 ，讽刺而不露痕迹。
刘禹锡耳濡目染，加上天资聪颖，敏而好学，从小就才学过人，气度非凡。他十九岁游学长安，上书朝廷。二十一岁，与柳宗元同榜考中进士。同年又考中了博学宏词科。
后来在政治上不得意被贬为朗州司马。他没有自甘沉沦，而是以积极乐观的精神进行创作， 积极向民歌学习，创作了《采菱行》等仿民歌体诗歌。
一度奉诏还京后，刘禹锡又因诗句"玄都观里桃千树，尽是刘郎去后栽"触怒新贵被贬为连州刺史。后被任命为江州刺史，在那里创作了大量的《竹枝词》。名句很多，广为传诵。824年夏，他写了著名的《西塞山怀古》："王濬楼船下益州，金陵王气黯然收。千寻铁锁沉江底，一片降幡出石头。人世几回伤往事，山形依旧枕寒流。今逢四海为家日，故垒萧萧芦荻秋。"这首诗为后世的文学评论家所激赏，认为是含蕴无穷的唐诗杰作。
后来，几经多次调动，刘禹锡被派往苏州担任刺史。当时苏州发生水灾，饥鸿遍野。他上任以后开仓赈饥，免赋减役，很快使人民从灾害中走出，过上了安居乐业的生活。苏州人民爱戴他，感激他，就把曾在苏州担任过刺史的韦应物、白居易和他合称为"三杰"，建立了三贤堂。皇帝也对他的政绩予以褒奖，赐给他紫金鱼袋。
刘禹锡晚年回到洛阳，任太子宾客，与朋友交游赋诗，生活闲适。死后被追赠为户部尚书。刘禹锡写的《陋室铭》，全文共81字，字字珠玑。但许多人可能不知道，这篇名作是刘禹锡一气之下挥毫写成的。贞元九年（793），刘禹锡中进士后，官至太子宾客，加检校礼部尚书，可谓官运亨通。 后因他参加王叔文的永贞革新运动，得罪了当朝权贵宠臣，被德宗皇帝贬至安徽和州当通判。按当时地方官府的规定，他本应住衙门三间三厦的官邸。可是，和州的知县是个势利之徒，他见刘禹锡贬官而来，便多般刁难。先是安排他住在县城南门，不久，又要他搬至北门，由原先的三间屋缩小到一间半，不久又要他搬居城中。半年之间，连搬三次家，住房一次比一次狭小，一次比一次简陋，全家老小根本无法安身。刘禹锡觉得这县官欺人太甚，愤然提笔写下了《陋室铭》一文，并请大书法家柳公权书碑勒石，立于门前，以示"纪念"，一时轰动朝野。斯时被贬为广西柳州刺史的柳宗元，与刘禹锡是同榜进士，诗歌唱酬，友谊殊深。当他读到《陋室铭》后，获知刘禹锡遭受势利小人冷遇时，愤懑不平，立即上书朝廷请求："情愿以自己被遣之地柳州换和州，虽得重罪，死不恨。"虽未获准，但足可见"患难识知己，文人更相亲"的高贵品质。人世沧桑，岁月如流。势利小人早已化作黄土一，而刘禹锡的《陋室铭》，却光照历史，留传千古。
第十八集 风流才子 杜牧
杜牧(803—853)，字牧之，京兆万年(今陕西西安)人。他是宰相杜佑之孙。二十六岁举进士，因为秉性刚直，被人排挤，在江西、宣歙、淮南诸使幕作了十年幕僚，"促束于簿书宴游间"，生活很不得意。三十六岁内迁为京官，后受宰相李德裕排挤，出为黄州、池州等地刺史。李德裕失势，内调为司勋员外郎。官终中书舍人。
杜牧看到唐帝国的种种内忧外患，政治上想有一番作为。他读书注意"治乱兴亡之迹，财赋兵甲之事，地形之险易远近，古人之长短得失"(《上李中丞书》)。善于论兵，作《愿十六卫》、《罪言》、《战论》、《守论》，又注《孙子》。任地方官时也给人民做了一些好事。
他的某些作品表现了一定的爱国忧民的思想感情。文宗太和元年朝廷派兵镇压沧州抗命的藩镇，他写了《感怀诗》，慨叹安史之乱以来藩镇割据、急征厚敛造成的民生憔悴，很想为国家作一点事。《郡斋独酌》一诗更直接表示了自己的理想和抱负："岂为妻子计，未去山林藏? 平生五色线，愿补舜衣裳。弦歌教燕赵，兰芷浴河湟。腥膻一扫洒，凶狠皆披攘。生人但眠食，寿域富农桑。"又如《河湟》一诗：
元载相公曾借箸，宪宗皇帝亦留神。旋见衣冠就东市，忽遗弓剑不西巡。牧羊驱马虽戎服，自发丹心尽汉臣。惟有凉州歌舞曲，流传天下乐闲人。
诗人通过河湟无力收复的事件，对朝政的昏乱和国势的衰微，表示无限的忧愤。这个时候， 朝廷里连元载这样曾经想到收复河湟的人也没有了。尽管河湟的人民还在戎服下面怀着系念祖国的丹心，但是，举国上下却以麻木不仁、醉生梦死的态度来听取从河湟凉州传来的歌舞。他的《华清宫诗》："雨露偏金穴，乾坤入醉乡"，也和这诗后两句具有同样沉痛的心情。《早雁》一诗则用比兴的手法，以雁象征边地人民：
金河秋半虏弦开，云外惊飞四散哀。仙掌月明孤影过，长门灯暗数声来。须知胡骑纷纷在，岂逐春风一一回? 莫厌潇湘少人处，水多菰米岸莓苔。
惊飞四散的哀鸿，象征在回纥侵略蹂躏下逃回祖国的边地人民。诗中既表现了对难民的体贴同情，也暗示统治者对他们的漠不关心，"仙掌"、"长门"，并非泛泛的修词设色，"岂逐春风"也不仅仅是写鸿雁秋来春返的自然现象。这两首诗的思想内容和现实背景，和白居易《缚戎人》、《西凉伎》是相近的，但他用的是近体，写得更简练浑括。
他的咏史诗也很著名。有的诗是借历史题材讽刺统治者的骄奢荒淫。如《过华清宫三绝句》中的两首：
长安回望绣成堆，山顶千门次第开。一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来。
新丰绿树起黄埃，数骑渔阳探使回。霓裳一曲千峰上，舞破中原始下来。
诗里通过人们所熟知的唐明皇杨贵妃的故事，含蓄而有力地讽刺了晚唐帝王们的荒淫享乐。其创作意图和他不满"宝历大起宫室、广声色"而作《阿房宫赋》是完全一致的。他另一些咏史作品，则带有较为明显的史论特色。如《赤壁》诗："东风不与周郎便，铜雀春深锁二乔。"《乌江亭》诗："江东子弟多才俊，卷土重来未可知。"都是对历史上兴亡成败的关键问题发表独创的议论。他这种论史绝句的形式，后来颇为许多文人所仿效。
杜牧的抒情写景的七言绝句，艺术上有很高的成就。例如：
千里莺啼绿映红，水村山郭酒旗风。南朝四百八十寺，多少楼台烟雨中。
——《江南春》
烟笼寒水月笼沙，夜泊秦淮近酒家。商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱后庭花。
——《泊秦淮》
远上寒山石径斜，白云深处有人家。停车坐爱枫林晚，霜叶红于二月花。
——《山行》
这些诗词采清丽，画面鲜明，风调悠扬，可以看出他才气的俊爽与思致的活泼。前两首在写景中还流露出对时事的忧伤。但他的诗中也有一些思想感情很不健康的作品，有的诗带有浓厚的个人潦倒失意的感伤情调，缺乏理想的光彩。而《遣怀》、《赠别》、《叹花》等诗， 更是专写征歌狎妓的颓放糜烂生活。饮酒狎妓是唐代文人中流行的风气，杜牧的这类诗更为后代无行的文人们所称道。这些作品无疑是他诗中的糟粕。
杜牧作诗是比较重视思想内容的。他认为文章应"以意为主，以气为辅，以辞采章句为兵卫"(《答庄充书》)。他很推崇李杜，说"李杜泛浩浩"，"杜诗韩笔愁来读，似倩麻姑痒处搔"。他的《李贺歌诗集序》一方面肯定李贺歌诗是"骚之苗裔"，同时也指出他缺乏《离骚》那种"言及君臣理乱"，"有以激发人意"的思理。他说自己的创作是"苦心为诗，本求高绝，不务奇丽，不涉习俗，不今不古，处于中间"(《献诗启》)。这些话，可以看出他在诗歌理论上的主张和创作上的积极追求。但在创作实践上，他那些以华丽词藻写颓放享乐生活的诗，显然和"不务奇丽，不涉习俗"的主张是自相矛盾的。
第十九集 朦胧诗人 李商隐
李商隐（约812年或813年—约858年），字义山，号玉溪生、樊南生。晚唐诗人。原籍怀州河内（今河南沁阳市），祖辈迁荥阳（今属河南）。诗作文学价值很高，他和杜牧合称"小李杜"，与温庭筠合称为"温李"，与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且都在家族里排行16，故并称为三十六体。在《唐诗三百首》中，李商隐的诗作有22首被收录，位列第4。
开成二年（八三七）进士，授秘书省校书郎，补宏农尉。年轻时即以文才受令狐楚的赏识，可是李商隐却与泾源节度使王茂元之女结婚。当时牛李党争正在尖锐时期，令狐楚是牛党，王茂元则是与李党有关。宣宗即位以后，牛党当权，令狐楚儿子当了宰相，打击一切与李党有关的人，从此李商隐一直被压抑而抬不起头。几次到长安活动，只补得了一个太常博士。最后死于荥阳，年仅四十七岁。
李商隐是唐朝一位有着独特成就，对后世产生过巨大影响而大家的评价又极为分歧的诗人。他的诗，有的是直接对时事政治表示态度的；有的是托古讽今，歌咏历史题材；有的是抒写友朋生死之情的；有的是感伤身世之作，而人们最熟悉的则是他的爱情诗。这些异常复杂的内容，又几乎都是和他的身世遭遇有着密切的联系。
李商隐是晚唐诗坛的一颗明星。他的多愁善感和繁博的事象及复杂的意念，在他的诗里往往是避实就虚，透过一种象征手法把它表现出来。这种象征手法建筑在丰富而美妙的想像的基础上，因而他笔下的意象，有时如七宝琉苏那样缤纷绮彩；有时像流云走月那样的活泼空明，给人以强烈的美感。他的近体诗，尤其是七律更有独特的风格，绣织丽字，镶嵌典故，包藏细密，意境朦胧，对诗的艺术形式发展有重大贡献。著有《玉溪生诗》。
李商隐通常被视作唐代后期最杰出的诗人，其诗风受李贺影响颇深，在句法、章法和结构方面则受到杜甫和韩愈的影响。许多评论家认为，在唐朝的优秀诗人中，他的重要性仅次于杜甫、李白、王维等人。就诗歌风格的独特性而言，他与其他任何诗人相比都不逊色。赞赏李商隐诗歌和批评他的人，所针对的都是他鲜明的个人风格。后世许多诗人模仿李商隐的风格，但没有一位被认可。
李商隐的诗具有鲜明而独特的艺术风格，文辞清丽、意韵深微，有些诗可作多种解释，好用典，有些诗较晦涩。现存约600首，特别是其中的无题诗堪称一绝。李商隐擅作七律和五言排律，七绝也有不少杰出的作品。清朝诗人叶燮在《原诗》中评李商隐的七绝"寄托深而措辞婉，实可空百代无其匹也。"
他的格律诗继承了杜甫在技巧上的传统，也有部分作品风格与杜甫相似。与杜甫相似，李商隐的诗经常用典，而且比杜甫用得更深更难懂，而且常常每句读用典故。他在用典上有所独创，喜用各种象征、比兴手法，有时读了整首诗也不清楚目的为何。而典故本身的意义，常常不是李商隐在诗中所要表达的意义。例如《常娥》（嫦娥），有人直观认为是咏嫦娥之作，纪昀认为是悼亡之作，有人认为是描写女道士，甚至认为是诗人自述，众说纷纭。
也正是他好用典故的风格，形成了他作诗的独特风格。据宋代黄鉴的笔记《杨文公谈苑》记载，李商隐每作诗，一定要查阅很多书籍，屋子里到处乱摊，被人比作"獭祭鱼"。明王士桢也以玩笑的口吻说："獭祭曾惊博奥殚，一篇锦瑟解人难。"（《戏仿元遗山论诗绝句》）批评意见[8]认为他有时用典太过，犯了晦涩的毛病，使人无法了解他的诗意。鲁迅曾说："玉溪生清词丽句，何敢比肩，而用典太多，则为我所不满。"（1934年12月致 杨霁云的信）
此外，李商隐的诗词藻华丽，并且善于描写和表现细微的感情。
李商隐画像李商隐的爱情生活，被许多研究者关注，部分原因在于李商隐以《无题》为代表的诗歌中，表现出一种扑朔迷离而又精致婉转的感情，容易被人视为丰富的爱情体验的表达。
关于李商隐的爱情，猜测的部分远远多于有实际证据的，但这并不妨碍人们对此津津乐道，甚至象阅读侦探小说一样揣摩分析他的诗文，希冀发现切实的凭据。下面这些女子被认为是与李商隐有过感情纠葛的：
柳枝。柳枝的名字出现在李商隐写于开成元年（836）年的一组诗（《柳枝五首》）中。 他还为在这组诗写了一个长长的序言，讲述了柳枝的故事：她是一个洛阳富商的女儿，活泼可爱，开朗大方，在一个偶然的机会听到李商隐的诗（《燕台诗》），心生爱慕，于是主动与他约会。但李商隐失约了。他后来得知，柳枝被一个有权势的人收为妾。两人再也没有见过面。如果不是李商隐杜撰，这一段没有结果的感情很可能就是他的初恋。
宋华阳。李商隐在青年时期曾经在玉阳山修习道术，因此有人猜想他在这期间与女道士发生过恋情。在《月夜重寄宋华阳姊妹》、《赠华阳宋真人兼寄清都刘先生》等诗中，李商隐提到了"宋华阳"的名字，于是宋华阳就被认为是李商隐的恋人。还有一种夸张的说法是：李商隐曾经和宋华阳姐妹二人同时恋爱。苏雪林在《玉溪诗谜》中[5]对于这个故事进行了最大限度的想象发挥。
锦瑟。李商隐有一首著名的《锦瑟》诗，刘攽在《中山诗话》中提到，有人猜测"锦瑟"是令狐楚家的一位侍儿，李商隐在令狐家受学期间，曾与她恋爱，但终于没有结果。
荷花。民间传说他在与王氏结婚前，曾有一小名"荷花"的恋人，两人十分恩爱。在他进京赶考前一月，荷花突然身染重病，李商隐陪伴荷花度过最后的时光。这段悲剧给他造成很大的打击，以后的诗中他常以荷花为题也是对旧情的眷恋。
王氏。王氏是李商隐的妻子。但有人从李商隐《祭小侄女寄寄文》中（"况吾别娶已来，胤绪未立"）推断王氏为李商隐再婚的妻子。如果这种看法成立，李商隐应该还有一位初婚妻子，但关于这方面的信息几乎空白。李商隐与王氏的感情非常好，在王氏去世后，他写下《房中曲》等悼亡诗篇，情感真挚，语意沉痛。其中最著名的，是在他离家赴蜀地宦游途中所作《悼伤后赴东蜀辟至散关遇雪》："剑外从军远，无家与寄衣。散关三尺雪，回梦旧鸳机 。"
对于李商隐爱情生活的研究，以苏雪林的《李义山恋爱事迹考》（1927）最为著名。此书在1947年曾再版，更名为《玉溪诗谜》。苏雪林的研究，继承了程梦星、冯浩等人的成果，拓宽和丰富了这一领域的内容。例如，通过她的考证，多数人接受了李商隐与女道士的恋爱经历。不过，苏雪林的猜测和推理几乎不加节制，从而构画出几段离奇的恋情，包括他曾与宫女偷情。
Li Shangyin (traditional Chinese: 李商隱; pinyin: Lǐ Shāngyǐn, ca. 813--858), courtesy name Yishan (義山), was a Chinese poet of the late Tang Dynasty, born in Henei (now Qinyang, Henan). Along with Li He, he was much admired and "rediscovered" in the 20th century by the young Chinese writers for the imagist quality of his poems. He is particularly famous for his tantalizing "no title" (無題) poems.
Li had a moderately successful career in the imperial civil service, although he never obtained a high position, either because of factional disputes, or because of his association with Liu Fen (劉蕡), a prominent opponent of the eunuchs.
Li was a typical Late Tang poet: his works are sensuous, dense and allusive. The latter quality makes adequate translation extremely difficult. The political, biographical or philosophical implications supposed to be contained in some of his poems have been a subject of debate for many centuries in China.
His most famous and cryptic poem is called "Jin Se" (錦瑟) (the title is only taken from the first two characters of the poem, thus also a "no title" poem), which consists of 56 characters and a string of images. His "no title" poems are regarded as "pure poetry" by some modern critics.
Although more famous for his sensuous poems, Li indeed wrote in many styles. He can be either satirical, humorous or sentimental. Moreover, some ancient critics hold that he is the only poet who, in some of his poems, succeeds in imitating the masculine quality of Du Fu's works.
Influence
In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from his poetry to create the lyrics for the song Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun from the band's second album A Saucerful of Secrets.
Part of a poem by Li Shangyin is recited by a minor character in the Mortuary in the computer role-playing game Planescape: Torment.
All through his political career, Li Shangyin has been in a difficult dilemma. He was helplessly involved in the political fighting between the two parties of his time. In the beginning years of his political career, he was much appreciated by Linghu Chu, the leader of Niu Party. Anyhow, he married the daughter of Wang Maoyuan, a member of Li Party, after the death of Linghu Chu. This marriage irritated the Niu Party and Li was regarded as an ungrateful man. In the later years he was undermined by both parties and had been living an unstable life. He had to rely on this official or that in the next years. During these deppresive years he wrote many poems,"A Memory to Plum" (《忆梅》)，"The North Tower"(《北楼》)，and "Windstorm"(《风雨》), for instance, to express his disappointment, oppression and indignation.
第二十集 唐末余音
杜牧、李商隐在九世纪五十年代相继去世后，唐代就再没有出过大诗人了。从六十年代起，农民暴动就不断发生。到八十年代中期，以黄巢为首的农民大暴动终于平息以后，唐王朝也奄奄一息，只有等着彻底崩溃了。在这风雨飘摇的几十年里，一些诗人处于社会责任感，极力呼吁重振儒家文化，又举起新乐府运动的旗帜，主张诗歌要为政治服务，要关心人民疾苦，挽救世道人心。由于能量不大，影响也很有限。而且就连他们自己，比如像模仿白居易的《新乐府》写过《正新乐府十篇》的皮日休，其实也只算偶一为之，并没有将自己的文学主张贯彻到底。他们的主要精力，还是用在游山玩水，吟风弄月上，与其它晚唐诗人并列两样。因此讲唐末这批小诗人，就只能以诗为准，哪一首可读就读哪一首。